Ensure Educational Opportunities

1. "Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools? An Evidentiary Review and Recommendations” by Russell Skiba, Cecil R. Reynolds, Sandra Graham, Peter Sheras, Jane Close Conoley and Enedina Garcia-Vazquez. Zero Tolerance Task Force Report. 9 Aug. 2006. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/ed/cpse/zttfreport.pdf
   ● Report examines effect of zero tolerance policies achieving safe schools.

2. Arresting Development: Addressing the School Discipline Crisis in Florida. Florida State Conference NAACP, Advancement Project, and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. 2006. http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/pipeline/
   arresting_development_full_report.pdf
   ● Report addresses harmful and racially disparate school discipline practices in Florida.

3. Criminalizing the Classroom: The Over-Policing of New York City Schools by Elora Mukherjee and Marvin Karpatkin. The New York Civil Liberties Union and the American Civil Liberties Union. March 2007. http://www.nyclu.org/pdfs/criminalizing_the_classroom_report.pdf 
   ● Report documents incidents of over-policing of New York city schools disproportionately affecting poor, Latino or Black children.

4. “Culture, Race, and Zero Tolerance Policy: The Implications” by Francisco Villaurel and Christopher Dunbar Jr. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice. 6:2 27 July 2006 pp. 53-63.
   ● Paper discuses concerns raised by school administrators and their responsibility to implement zero tolerance policy, interpretations, implementations and impact.

5. Derailed: The Schoolhouse to Jailhouse Track by Judith Browne. Advancement Project. 2003 http://www.advancementproject.org/reports/Derailerepcor.pdf
   ● Report looks at the use of law enforcement agencies and the juvenile justice system as a double jeopardy mechanism for students.

6. Education on Lockdown: The Schoolhouse to Jailhouse Track. Advancement Project in partnership with Padres and Jovenes Unidos, Southwest Youth Collaborative and Children & Family Justice Center of Northwestern University School of Law. March 2005 http://www.advancementproject.org/reports/FINALEOLrep.pdf
   ● Report illustrates the negative side effects of the use of law and order approaches to address typical student misbehavior.

7. Final Report. White House Task Force for Disadvantaged Youth. October 2003 http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/content/docs/white_house_task_force.pdf
   ● Task force priorities for disadvantaged youth: better management, better accountability, better connections and giving priority to the neediest youth.

8. From Classrooms to Courtrooms: Zero Tolerance Unveiled by Nova Harb. Southern Juvenile Defender Center. 2004. http://www.juveniledefender.org/pdfs/zerotoleranceunveiled.pdf
   ● Report studies zero-tolerance policies across the nation, their implementation and negative effects among children.

9. From the Schoolhouse to the Jailhouse: Breaking Through “The Glass Ceiling” by Carlos Martinez. Law Offices of the Public Defender Bennett H. Brummer, 11th Judicial Circuit of Florida (Miami-Dade). 10 May 2006.
   ● Snapshot shows the ethnic and gender composition and mental health and disciplinary records of children referred to the Department of Juvenile Justice statewide and in Miami-Dade.

10. F.S. § 1006.13 -- Policy of zero tolerance for crime and victimization. http://www.flsenate.gov/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch1006/Sec13.HTM
     ● Florida statue that outlines school policy on zero tolerance.

11. High School Graduation Rates in the United States by Jay Greene. Center for Civic Innovation at the Manhattan Institute for the Black Alliance for Educational Options. Revised April 2002 http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/cr_baeo.pdf
    ● Report details graduation rates across the nation by state, school district, city, race/ethnicity, etc.

12. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2004 by Jill DeVoe, Katharin Peter, Amanda Miller, Thomas Snyder and Katrina Baum. National Center for Education Statistics and Bureau of Justice Statistics. November 2004 http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005002.pdf
    ● Annual snapshot of specific crime and safety indicators, such as victimization, fights, bullying, etc in schools.

13. Losing Our Future: How Minority Youth are Being Left Behind by the Graduation Rate Crisis by Gary Orfield, Daniel Losen, Johanna Wald, and Christopher B. Swanson. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, Advocates for Children of New York and The Civil Society Institute. 2004 http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410936_LosingOurFuture.pdf
    ● Report looks at the growing epidemic of high school drop-outs, and the economic and social repercussions of not having a high school diploma.

14. Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline Policies. The Advancement Project and The Civil Rights Project. June 2000. http://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/discipline/opport_suspended.php
    ● Study reviews practice of educational entities of taking no students who have been to prison as a result of the Zero-tolerance policies being implemented nationwide.

15. Preventing Youth Delinquency: Identifying School Risk and Protective Factors. University of Kentucky, The National Center on Education, Disability and Juvenile Justice. http://www.edjj.org/preventingyouthdelinquency.htm
    ● Study suggests that school-level characteristics can help minimize the risk for youth delinquency: school failure, suspension and dropout at the K-12 level.

16. “Promoting Academic Success Among Latino Youths” by Charles Martinez, David DeGarmo and J. Mark Eddy. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 26:2 May 2004 pp. 128-151 http://hjb.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/128
    ● Article describes results which identify factors that promote or hinder academic success for Latino middle school and high school youngsters.

17. Saving Futures, Saving Dollars: The Impact of Education on Crime Reduction and Earnings. Issue Brief. Alliance for Excellent Education. August 2006 http://www.all4ed.org/publications/SavingFutures.pdf
    ● Report shows that reforming schools could increase the number of graduates, reduce crime, and reduce crime-related expenses.

18. School-Based Partnerships: A Problem-Solving Strategy by Craig Uchida, Shellie Solomon, Charles Katz and Cynthia Pappas. Community Oriented Policing Services. Office of Community Oriented Policing Surveys of the U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=1920
    ● Report focuses on use of Scanning, Analysis, Response Assessment (SARA) problem-solving process to address specific issues in schools: students and teachers feeling threatened, illegal drug sales, and truancy.

19. School Failure, Race, Disability: Promoting Positive Outcomes, Decreasing Vulnerability for Involvement with the Juvenile Delinquency System by Peter Leone, Christine A. Christle, C Michael Nelson, Russell Skiba, Andy Frey, and Kirstine Jolivette. National Center on Education, Disability, and Juvenile Justice (EDJJ). Office of Special Education Programs, US Dept. of Education and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the US Dept of Justice. 15 October 2003. http://www.edjj.org/Publications/list/leone_et_al-2003.pdf
    ● Report discusses the high incidence of children with greater educational disabilities and mental health needs among incarcerated youth, and the responsibility of public schools to detect these needs.

20. School-Related Referrals: Fiscal Year 2004-05. Dept. of Juvenile Justice, Office of Research and Planning, Research and Evaluation Unit. April 2006. http://www.djj.state.fl.us/Research/04-05_School_Referral.pdf
    ● Statistics of school-related referrals across the state.

21. “The Silent Epidemic: Perspectives of High School Dropouts” by John Bridgeland, John Dilulio and Karen Burke Morrison. Civic Enterprises. March 2006. Civic Enterprises in Association with Peter D. Hart Research Associates for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. http://www.civicenterprises.net/pdfs/thesilentepidemic3-06.pdf 
    ● Survey of young people who left high school without graduating because of non-academic circumstances in students’ lives and inappropriate responses to them.

22. Student Disciplinary Actions: Suspensions and Placement in Alternative Education Centers, 2001-2004 by Emily Arcia,. Civil Rights and Diversity Compliance Brief Report, Miami-Dade County Public Schools. May 2005
    ● Report monitors suspensions and alternative placement given to students by race/ethnicity, gender, free/reduced lunch program, limited English proficiency, and participation in Exceptional Student Education.

23. “Zero Tolerance: Safe Schools or Zero Sense?” by David Stader. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 6:2 2006 pp. 65-75 https://www.haworthpress.com/store/E-Text/View_EText.asp?sid=RC0SB04CARUG8KKDPM37W1GG2AM84RP6&a=4&s=
    J158&v=6&i=2&fn=J158v06n02%5F05
    ● Manuscript argues that well administered zero tolerance policies combined with a comprehensive approach to improve school culture is a viable part of the school safety equation.

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Remove Barriers to Employment

1. 18 U.S.C.A. § 922 (g) (9) “Lautenberg Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968" makes it unlawful for a person with a domestic violence conviction to own or even handle any firearm or ammunition. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6052/is_2000_Oct/ai_71829233/pg_13

2. "Certificates of Rehabilitation and Other Forms of Relief from the Collateral Consequences of Conviction: A Survey of State Laws” by Margaret Love and April Frazier. American Bar Association.1 October 2006. http://meetings.abanet.org/webupload/commupload/CR209800/
   sitesofinterest_files/AllStatesBriefingSheet10106.pdf 
   ● Paper discusses relief from the collateral consequences of a felony conviction.

3. "Hearing On Certificates of Rehabilitation” by Gregory R Everett, Chairman Connecticut Board of Pardons and Paroles. ABA Commission on Effective Criminal Sanctions. 16 October 2006. http://meetings.abanet.org/webupload/commupload/CR209800
   /sitesofinterest_files/ABACommissionOct162006.pdf
   ● Testimony on implementation of Connecticut’s provisional pardon, its improved efficiency and larger range of qualifying applicants.

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Strengthen Confidentiality Protections

1. "Crusading for Confidentiality” by Forrest Norman. Daily Business Review 8 January 2007 Cover Page. http://www.dailybusinessreview.com/news.html?news_id=41577 
   ● Debate over whether juvenile criminal records should be open to the public.

2. "FDLE's Release of Confidential Juvenile Records." John Eddy Morrison. 2006. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11].
   ● Memo by Assistant Public Defender John Eddy Morrison outlining why Florida's Dept. of Law Enforcement's [FDLE] rationale for the selling of juvenile criminal information is without legal merit.

3. “G.G. vs FDLE." Jan. 8, 2007. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11].
   ● Lawsuit filed on behalf of G.G., a minor arrested for allegedly stealing a can of Coca-Cola, against FDLE due to the selling of her personal information on the FDLE website.

4. “G.G. vs FDLE”: Criminal History Information. Jan. 8, 2007. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11].
   ● Copy of G.G.'s personal information from the FDLE Criminal History website.

5. “G.G. vs FDLE”: FDLE Policy – Access to Juvenile Criminal History Records (December 2002). Jan. 8, 2007. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11].
   ● Explanation of FDLE policy as to the selling of juvenile criminal history records.

6. “G.G. vs FDLE”: Letter from Michael R. Ramage, General Counsel FDLE, to John G. Marshall, Council Secretary, Dade-Miami Criminal Justice Council. Jan. 8, 2007. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11].
   ● Letter from Michael R. Ramage, general counsel of FDLE to John G. Marshall, Secretary to the Dade-Miami Criminal Justice Council on FDLE's policy of selling juvenile criminal history records.

7. “Juvenile Expunction Legislation and its Relationship to the Core Mission of the Juvenile Justice System” by Hillary Farber. Children’s Rights 9:3 Spring 2007 pp. 17-19 http://www.abanet.org/litigation/committees/childrights/content/
   newsletters/childrens_spring2007.pdf
   ● Review of sealing and expunging laws across different states.

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Reduce Disproportionate Minority Involvement in the Court System

1. And Justice for Some: Differential Treatment of Youth of Color in the Justice System. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. January 2007 http://www.nccd-crc.org/nccd/pubs/2007jan_justice_for_some.pdf
   ● Study documents disproportionate presence of youth of color in the justice system and targeting practices that may cause this.

2. Disproportionate Minority Confinement: 2002 Update, Summary by Heidi Hsia, George Bridges and Rosalie McHale. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, US Department of Justice. September 2004 http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/201240.pdf
   ● Report addresses disproportionate minority confinement and proposes reforms.

3. "Disproportionate Minority Confinement: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Differences in Assessments of Juvenile Culpability." Darnell F. Hawkins, Barry C. Feld, Kimberly Kempf-Leonard and Sandra Graham. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development & Juvenile Justice. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/3280Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-DMC.pdf> .
   ● Research outlining how Disproportionate Minority Confinement [DMC] continues after 20yrs of federally funded initiatives to end. Indicates that racial stereotyping is the main cause.

4. "Race, Legal Representation, and Juvenile Justice: Issues and Concerns” by Lori Guevara, Cassia Spohn, and Denise Herz. Crime & Delinquency 50.3 July 2004 pp. 344-371. http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/3/344 
   ● Study examines the influence of type of counsel across race on juvenile court outcomes.

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Establish Judicial Oversight of Transfers to Adult Court

1. "American Bar Association: Adult Justice System is the Wrong Answer for Most Juveniles” by Karen J Mathis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32.4S 2007: S1-S2.
   ● Article presents the general position of the American Bar Association on sending juveniles to be processed in adult court.

2. "Assessing Juvenile Psychopathy: Developmental and Legal Implications [Issue Brief 4]." MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development & Juvenile Justice. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
   Research: <http://www.adjj.org/conte/page.php?cat_id=2&content_id=9> and Issue Brief 4: <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/4536issue_brief_4.pdf> .
   ● Summary of findings on whether the scores of juveniles identified as psychopaths remain stable as they mature. Findings suggest otherwise.

3. "The Changing Borders of Juvenile Justice: Transfer of Adolescents to the Criminal Court." Jeffrey Fagan and Franklin E. Zimring. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. Spring 2000. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
   Executive Summary <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/8710Changing%20Borders.pdf>
   Issue Brief 5 <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/3582issue_brief_5.pdf
   ● Summary of book that presents experts from law, social science, and public policy to address the evolution of transfer, its social impacts, and the possibilities for reform.

4. “Childhood On Trial: The Failure of Trying & Sentencing Youth in Adult Criminal Court” by Jill Wolfson. The Coalition for Juvenile Justice, 2005. John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation. http://juvjustice.org/resource_115.html
   ● Thorough report presents Juvenile Justice practices, statistics, results and recommendations.

5. “Children in Florida Adult Prisons: A Call for a Moratorium” by Paolo Annino. Florida State University Law Review, 28.47 1999. http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/downloads/282/Annino.pdf 
   ● Report shows that Florida leads the nation in incarcerated children and prosecuting them as adults.

6. "Effects on Violence of Laws and Policies Facilitating the Transfer of Juveniles from the Juvenile Justice System to the Adult Justice System: A Systemic Review” by Angela McGowan, Robert Hahn, Akiva Liberman, Alex Crosby, Mindy Fullilove, Robert Johnson, Eve Moscicki, LeShawndra Price, Susan Snyder, Farris Tuma, Jessica Lowy, Peter Briss, Stella Cory, Glenda Stone, and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32.4S 2007: S28-S.
   ● Review presents scientific evidence evaluating the effectiveness of laws and policies that facilitate the transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal justice system.

7. Kent v. U.S. 383 U.S. 541, 86 S.Ct. 1045 (1966) http://supreme.justia.com/us/383/541/case.html
   ● Decision of juvenile court to waive jurisdiction of juvenile was reversed and remanded.

8. The Florida Experiment: An Analysis of the Impact of Granting Prosecutors Discretion to Try Juveniles as Adults by Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Ziedenberg. Justice Policy Institute. July 1999. http://www.justicepolicy.org/reports/florida.pdf
   ● Comparison of seriousness of offenses and recidivism between juveniles who are sent to juvenile facilities and those sent to adult prisons.

9. “The Florida Experiment: Transferring Power from Judges to Prosecutors” by Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Ziedenberg. Criminal Justice Magazine 15:1 Spring 2000. http://www.justicepolicy.org/reports/florida.pdf 
   ● Study analyses the effect of prosecutors being able to try juveniles as adults in Florida.

10. Juvenile Transfer to Criminal Court Study: Final Report by Lonn Lanza-Kaduce, Charles Fraizer, Jodi Lane and Donna Bishop. Submitted to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. 8 January 2002 http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/juveniletransfers.pdf
    ● Comparison of the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice of outcomes between children transferred to the adult criminal system and those who stayed in the juvenile system.

11. "National Resolution Regarding Trying and Sentencing Youth Offenders in Adult Criminal Court”. January 2005. The Coalition for Juvenile Justice. http://www.appa-net.org/about/a_docs/r_CJJ.pdf 
    ● Resolution seeks to reform the juvenile justice system by decreasing the number of youth sent to the adult criminal system and ensuring proper adjudication to enhance the safety and vitality of the community.

12. "Recommendations Against Policies Facilitating the Transfer of Juveniles from Juvenile to Adult Justice Systems for the Purpose of Reducing Violence” Task Force on Community Preventive Services. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32.4S 2007: S5-S6.
    ● Report recommends against policies facilitating the transfer of juveniles from the juvenile justice system to the adult system for the purpose of reducing violence.

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Eliminate the Damage Done to Public Safety by Detention Centers

1. By the Numbers: The Role of Data and Information in Detention Reform by Deborah Busch. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999 http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
   content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/10.pdf
   ● Report examines how Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative sites used data to plan reforms and assess reform success, noting where and how they gathered data.

2. “Collaboration and Leadership in Juvenile Detention Reform” by Kathleen Feeley. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
   content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/01.pdf
   ● Report addresses governance and leadership prerequisites for implementing specific strategies essential to juvenile detention reform.

3. Controlling the Front Gates: Effective Admissions Policies and Practices by Frank Orlando. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999 http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
   content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/04.pdf
   ● Report identifies policies and practices essential to overcoming problems with admissions to juvenile detention facilities, using information from the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative.

4. "Crime Rates and Youth Incarceration in Texas and California Compared: Public Safety or Public Waste?", by Mike Males, Christina Stahlkopf and Daniel Macallair. Center on Juvenile & Criminal Justice. June 2007 http://www.pendulumfoundation.com/
   Crime%20Rates%20and%20Youth%20Incarceration%20in%20Texas
   %20and%20California%20Compared.pdf 
   ● Paper explores whether incarcerating juveniles reduces crime by comparing incarceration practices in California and Texas.

5. "The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities” by Barry Holman and Jason Ziedenberg. Justice Policy Institute. http://www.justicepolicy.org/reports_jl/11-2806_dangers/dangers_of_detention_report.pdf  
   ● Study presents the wrongful detention of juveniles and its impact on recidivism as compared to other alternatives to detention.

6. "Detecting Mental Disorder in Juvenile Detainees: Who Receives Services” by Linda A. Teplin, Karen M. Abram, Gary M. McClelland, Jason J. Washburn and Ann K. Pikus. American Journal of Public Health 59.10 2005: 1773-80.
   ● Study determines whether juvenile detainees with major mental disorders receive treatment and the variables that predicted who received services.

7. Detention & Foster Children: "Brief of Amici Curiae Columbia Legal Services, National Center for Youth Law, Northwest Women’s Law Center, Teamchild and University of Washington School of Law Children & Youth Advocacy Clinic” by Beth A Colgan and Casey Trupin. National Center for Youth Law. 19 February 2007. http://www.youthlaw.org/fileadmin/ncyl/youthlaw/
   juv_justice/in_re_ak_brief_only_ncyl_cls_tc_uw.pdf
   ● Amici Curiae shows that foster care and incarceration are not appropriate measures to deal with runaway children’s behavior.

8. Detention & Foster Children: "WA Supreme Court to Review Jailing of Foster Youth." Pat Arthur. 19 Feb. 2007. National Center for Youth Law. http://www.youthlaw.org/press_room/press_releases/2006_press_releases
   ● Article from the National Center for Youth Law on the Washington Supreme Court case, In re Dependency of A.K. which seeks to end the detention of foster children for running away from placements. [See: Brief of Amici Curiae Columbia Legal Services, National Center for Youth Law, University of Washington School of Law Children & Youth Advocacy Clinic]

9. Detention Utilization DRAI Commission: Youth Charged with Domestic Violence with No Prior Delinquency Referrals in FY 2006-2007. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Office of Research and Data. Prepared for the Detention Risk Assessment Instrument Commission. 2007
   DRAI_committee_2007_DV_report.pdf
   ● Graph shows percentage of youth detained in Florida for domestic violence who had no prior delinquency referrals.

10. Detention Utilization DRAI Commission: Longitudinal Analysis of Detention Utilization in Florida. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Office of Research and Data. Prepared for the Detention Risk Assessment Instrument Commission. 2007.
    Detention_Utilization_DRAI_Commission.pdf
    ● Compilation of graphs shows statewide detention trends for juveniles.

11. Detention Utilization DRAI Commission: Delinquency Trends and Detention Data Analysis. by Mark Greenwald. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Office of Research and Data.
    DRAI_Commission_Presentation.htm
    ● Trends and projections of juvenile population in confinement for the next decade.

12. Improving Conditions of Confinement in Secure Juvenile Detention Centers by Sue Burrell. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
    content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/0d.pdf 
    ● Report discusses lessons learned by the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative about improving and maintaining safe, humane institutions.

13. Investigation into the Death of Omar Paisley and the Department of Juvenile Justice Miami-Dade Regional Juvenile Detention Center. Final Report of the Miami-Dade County Grand Jury in the Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida and for the County of Miami-Dade, Spring Term 2003. http://www.miamisao.com/publications/grand_jury/2000s/gj2003s.pdf
    ● Report presents data from the investigation of death of Omar Paisley while in custody of the Florida DJJ. Details the problems which led to the death of Omar Paisley.

14. Planning for Juvenile Detention Reforms: A Structured Approach by David Steinhart. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
    content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/34/fe.pdf
    ● Guide to juvenile detention planning, based largely on the experiences of Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative sites.

15. Promoting and Sustaining Detention Reforms by Robert G Schwartz. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://www.aecf.org/upload/PublicationFiles/
    promoting%20sustaining%20reforms.pdf
    ● Study explores alternatives to detention and whether they are effective in reducing re-offense.

16. "Psychiatric Disorders in Youth in Juvenile Detention” by Linda A Teplin, Karen M. Abram, Gary M. McClelland, Mina K. Dulcan and Amy A. Mericle. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 2002: 1133-43.
    ● Study analyzes incidence of psychiatric disorders among youth in juvenile detention centers.

17. "Public Preferences For Rehabilitation Versus Incarceration of Juvenile Offenders” by Daniel S Nagin, Alex R. Piquero, Elizabeth S. Scott and Laurence Steinberg. Dept of Criminology, Law & Society, University of Florida 5.4 2006: 301-26.
    ● Study gauges the public’s willingness to pay for rehabilitative v. punishment measures for juveniles and discusses policy implications.

18. Reforming Juvenile Detention in Florida by Vanessa Patiño and Barry Krisberg. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. August 2005. http://www.nccd-crc.org/nccd/pubs/2004_JJ_florida.pdf
    ● Study determines the potential benefits to Florida of adopting a data-driven approach to juvenile corrections that is based on the best national research.

19. Replicating Detention Reform: Lessons from the Florida Detention Initiative by Donna Bishop and Pamela Griset. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
    content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/19.pdf
    ● Report describes lessons learned from the Broward Detention Initiative in Broward County, a successful detention reform effort that led to attempts at replication.

20. Special Detention Cases: Strategies for Handling Difficult Populations by David Steinhart. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
    content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/13.pdf 
    ● Report discusses strategies for handling difficult juvenile detention populations (warrant cases, probation violators, and post-adjudication detention).

21. "Trauma Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Critical Issues and New Directions” by Julian D Ford, John F. Chapman, Josephine Hawke and David Albert. National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice – Research and Program Brief. June 2007. Models for Change, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. http://www.ncmhjj.com/pdfs/Trauma_and_Youth.pdf 
    ● Report shows incidence of traumatic stress among Juveniles and its effects. Treatment models and options are discussed.

22. “Unjust Medicine: Why health care in juvenile justice facilities is often atrocious, and what’s being done about it” by Martha Shirk. Youth Today [Washington, D.C.] July-August 2004. http://www.youthtoday.org/youthtoday/July_Aug04/story1_7_04.html 
    ● Study documents Omar Paisley’s death and general condition of juvenile justice facilities’ medical care.

23. "WA Supreme Court to Review Jailing of Foster Youth." Pat Arthur. 19 Feb. 2007. National Center for Youth Law. http://www.youthlaw.org/press_room/press_releases/2006_press_releases/state_
    ● Article from the National Center for Youth Law on the Washington Supreme Court case, In re Dependency of A.K. which seeks to end the detention of foster children for running away from placements. [See: Brief of Amici Curiae Columbia Legal Services, National Center for Youth Law, University of Washington School of Law Children & Youth Advocacy Clinic]
     

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Stop Treating Children and Teenagers as Mini-Adults

1. An American Travesty: Legal Responses to Adolescent Sexual Offending, Franklin Zimring, ed. Adolescent Development and Legal Policy Monograph Series. John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice, Spring 2004.
   ● Executive Summary
   http://www.adjj.org/downloads/4424American%20Travesty.pdf
   ● Book analyzes legal responses to youthful sexual offenders, reviews literature on the subject and considers the implications for policy and further research.

2. "Assessing Juvenile Psychopathy: Developmental and Legal Implications."  MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development & Juvenile Justice. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
   Issue Brief 4: <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/4536issue_brief_4.pdf> 
   Research: <http://adjj.org/content/page.php?cat_id=2&content_id=9> .
   ● Summary of findings on whether the scores of juveniles identified as psychopaths remain stable as they mature. Findings suggest otherwise.

3. “Attitudes of US Voters Toward Youth Crime and the Justice System” by Barry Krisberg and Susan Marchionna. Focus: Views from the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. February 2007. http://www.nccd-crc.org/nccd/pubs/zogby_feb07.pdf 
   ● Report documents attitudes of U.S. voters regarding youth crime and the justice system.

4. Examine the Definition of “Juvenile Sexual Offender” in Chapter 985, F.S. Task Force on Juvenile Sexual Offenders and Their Victims. Presented to the Florida Senate, Committee on Criminal Justice, Interim Project Report 2007-108. October 2006. http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2007/
   Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2007-108cj.pdf 
   ● Project examines definition of “juvenile sexual offender” in Florida Statute chapter 985 to determine whether it needs to be notified and how to accomplish it.

5. JSAP: “Re-Arrest Rates Among Youth Sentenced in Adult Court." Craig A. Mason and Shau Chang. Juvenile Sentencing Advocacy Project [JSAP]. October 15, 2001. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11]. <http://www.pdmiami.com/JSAP_2001_Impact_Evaluation.pdf>.
   ● Final report on the JSAP demonstration project created by PD-11 to address the issue of juveniles transferred to the adult system.

6. JSAP: "Juvenile Sentencing Advocacy Project: Miami-Dade County Public Defender's Office - Evaluation Report." Craig Mason. Juvenile Sentencing Advocacy Project [JSAP]. July 1, 2000. Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office [PD-11]. <http://www.pdmiami.com/JSAP_2000_Project_Evaluation.pdf> .
   ● First report on the JSAP demonstration project created by PD-11 to address the issue of juveniles transferred to the adult system.

7. JSAP: "The Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office Juvenile Sentencing Advocacy Project." Kelly Dedel Johnson. The Institute on Crime, Justice and Corrections at The George Washington University. <http://www.pdmiami.com/Analysis_of_JSAPs_Multi-disciplinary_Approach_in_Defending_Youth.pdf>.
   ● Policy analysis of the JSAP demonstration project.

8. “Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial: A Comparison of Adolescents’ and Adults’ Capacities as Trial Defendants” by Thomas Grisso, Laurence Steinberg, Jennifer Woolard, Elizabeth Cauffman, Elizabeth Scott, Sandra Graham, Fran Lexcen, N. Dickon Reppucci, and Robert Schwartz. Law and Human Behavior 27:4 August 2003: 333-363 http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/steinberg_juvenile.pdf?CFID=12436035&CFTOKEN=82389389
   ● Study assesses competence level (through emotional and intellectual maturity) of juveniles to stand trial, and implications of the results are discussed as they pertain to policy and trials.

9. Juvenile Sexual Offenders and Their Victims: Final Report. A Report Submitted to The Governor and The Florida Legislature. Task Force on Juvenile Sexual Offenders and Their Victims.The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, 18 January 2006. http://www.djj.state.fl.us/Research/Sex_Offender_Task_Force_Report.pdf 
   ● Report analyzes juvenile sexual offenders’ trends, likelihood of re-offense, and circumstances of offense concluding that the term “juvenile sex offender” must be clarified.

10. “The MacArthur Juvenile Adjudicative Competence Study”. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development & Juvenile Justice. 2003. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. http://www.adjj.org/downloads/9213method_archival_and_tables.pdf or http://www.adjj.org/content/page.php?cat_id=2&content_id=8 or http://www.adjj.org/downloads/58competence_study_summary.pdf
    ● Report analyzes juveniles’ capacity and competency to understand proceedings of a trial as adults: understanding the process, assisting counsel in their defense, and making important decisions about their waiver of constitutional rights.

11. “The MacArthur Juvenile Adjudicative Competence Study: Method, Measures and Procedures for the Juvenile Adjudicative Competency Study”. The MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. August 2002 http://www.adjj.org/downloads/9213method_archival_and_tables.pdf
    ● Paper reports the methods employed by the MacArthur ADJJ Research Network in
    its study of youths’ adjudicative competence, performed between 1998 and 2002.

12. Letter to Donna Dugger Regarding Juvenile Sexual Offender Task Force by Carlos Martinez. Law Offices of the Public Defender Bennett H. Brummer, 11th Judicial Circuit of Florida (Miami-Dade). 15 September 2006.
    ● Chief Assistant Public Defender Carlos Martinez answers why it is necessary to change Florida Law dealing with juveniles and sex offenses.

13. “The Psychology of Confessions: A Review of the Literature & Issues” by Saul M Kassin and Gisli H Gudjonsson. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5.2 (Nov 2004):33-67. http://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/
    index.cfm?journal=pspi&content=pspi/5_2
    ● Study scrutinizes events during which confessions may be obtained from criminal suspects and used as evidence, how they are obtained, and what impact they have on judges, juries, and other people.

14. “Public Opinion and the Foundation of the Juvenile Court” by Daniel Mears, Carter Hay, Marc Gertz and Christina Mancini. Criminology 45.1 February 2007: 223-257. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/
    bsc/crim/2007/00000045/00000001/art00008?crawler=true
    ● Study addresses attacks against juvenile justice system by examining public views about abolishing juvenile justice and the proper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction.

15. "Reports With Recommendations to the ABA House of Delegates”. American Bar Association Justice Kennedy Commission. August 2004. American Bar Association: Criminal Justice Section. http://meetings.abanet.org/webupload/commupload/
    CR209800/newsletterpubs/JusticeKennedyCommissionReports_Final_081104.pdf
    ● Report recommends sentencing alternatives, elimination of racial and ethnic biases in the Criminal Justice System, advocacy of pardons and clemency, and more lenient prisoner reentry conditions.

16. "Treating Juveniles as Adult Criminals: An Iatrogenic Violence Prevention Strategy if Ever There Was One” by Michael Tonry. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32.4S (2007): S3-S4.
    ● Article discusses the validity of treating juveniles as adults as an alternative to treating them with juvenile provisions to increase public safety.

17. Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice [Executive Summary] Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development & Juvenile Justice. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/5986Youth%20on%20Trial.pdf> .
    ● Executive summary of book which reviews the reasons why juveniles should not be judged the same as adults when they commit crimes.
     

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Stop the Government from Inflicting Physical and Psychological Harm to Children and Teenagers

1. “An Act to Create A Procedure By Which Determination Is Made To Restrain Juveniles in the Courtroom” 20 June 2007. General Assembly of North Carolina. NC ST § 7B-2402.1 http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Sessions/2007/Bills/House/HTML/H1243v5.html 
   ● Bill mandates juveniles to be shackled in the courtroom only when necessary to maintain order, prevent the juvenile from escaping, or provide for the safety of the courtroom.

2. "Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice: Federal Agencies Could Play a Stronger Role in Helping States Reduce the Number of Children Placed Solely to Obtain Mental Health Services." General Accounting Office. April 2003. <http://gao.gove/new.item/d03397.pdf> .
   ● GAO report to Congress outlining how the juvenile justice system is used as a source of mental health services for at-risk children.

3. "Children in Chains: Why are Children in Florida Treated as Enemy Combatants?", Carlos Martinez. Cornerstone. May-August 2007. National Legal Aid & Defender Association. http://www.nlada.org/DMS/Documents/1183059596.88/
   Cornerstone%20May-August%202007%20%232.pdf
   ● Chief Assistant Public Defender Carlos Martinez documents reasons, successes and challenges in the battle to end shackling of juveniles in courtrooms in Florida.

4. "Tiffany A. v. The Superior Court of Los Angeles County”. Cal.App.4th 1344.
   ● California Supreme Court holds that juveniles cannot be shackled without an individualized evidentiary hearing to determine need.

5. “Tyrone Turner v. R.W.S”. 728 N.W.2d 326. http://www.court.state.nd.us/_court/opinions/20060167.htm
   ● North Dakota Supreme Court opinion regarding shackling/chaining juveniles in courtrooms.

6. "University of Miami School of Law Children & Youth Law Clinic”, Bernard P. Perlmutter, Bruce J. Winick, and Wendi J. Adelson. "University of Miami School of Law Children & Youth Law Clinic Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Petitioners. Feb. 2007. http://www.law.miami.edu/news/images/632images/Shackling_Amicus_Brief3.pdf 
   ● Amicus Curiae for R.C. A v. Juvenile Court Judges protests against shackling by the government.

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Protect the Child and Family’s Right to Privacy, Due Process and Against Self-Incrimination and Require Informed Consent

1. Application of Gault 387 U.S. 1, 87 S.Ct. 1428 (1967) (Juvenile has right to notice of charges, counsel, to confrontation and cross-examination of witnesses, and to privilege against self-incrimination.) http://supreme.justia.com/us/387/1/case.html
   Kent v. U.S. 383 U.S. 541 http://supreme.justia.com/us/383/541/case.html ; McKeiver v. Pennsylvania. 403 U.S. 528, 91 S.Ct. 1971 (Opinion determining that trial by jury in adjudicative stage of state juvenile court delinquency proceedings is not constitutionally required.) http://supreme.justia.com/us/403/528/index.html

2. D.S. v. State. So.2d. (Chief Justice argues that laws allowing a minor to waive their Miranda rights without the consent of parent, attorney or legal guardian are ludicrous and should be amended.) http://opinions.1dca.org/written/opinions2007/8-21-07/07-0148.pdf

3. "HIPPA 101 for Juvenile Defense Lawyers", by Leslie Acoca and Lourdes Rosado.  Presentation to the National Juvenile Defender Summit, Oct. 21, 2005.
   ● Presentation by Leslie Acoca (In Our Daughters Hands, Inc.) and Lourdes Rosado (Juvenile Law Center) on how HIPPA impacts research on minors and the operations of the Juvenile Justice System.

4. "Protecting Youth from Self-Incrimination when Undergoing Screening, Assessment and Treatment within the Juvenile Justice System", Lourdes M. Rosado and Riya S. Shah. Juvenile Law Center January 2007. http://www.jlc.org/File/publications/protectingyouth.pdf
   ● Study reviews case law, court rules and statutes to find whether there are safeguards against juvenile self-incrimination during screening, assessment and treatment of behavioral health disorders in the juvenile court process.

5. "Recommendations from the ABA Youth at Risk Initiative Planning Conference." American Bar Association Youth At Risk Initiative. March 22, 2006. <http://www.abanet.org/iniatives/youthatrisk/
   docs/aba_yarrecs_and_action_plan_final.pdf> .
   ● Recommendations by the American Bar Association [ABA] of six legal areas where lawyers can best assist youth at-risk when court involved.
    

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Fund Evidence-Based Interventions

1. "Blueprints for Violence Prevention Overview” Blueprints for Violence Prevention. Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ 
   ● Project finds 11 violence prevention programs that are effective and meet strict scientific standards.

2. The Causes and Correlates Studies: Findings and Policy Implications, by Terence Thornberry, David Huizinga and Rolf Loeber. Juvenile Justice: IX:1 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, September 2004. http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/203555/index.html 
   ● Article summarizes some empirical findings about causes and correlates of delinquency, as well as policy implications.

3. Consider the Alternatives: Planning and Implementing Detention Alternatives, by Paul DeMuro. Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform Series. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1999. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/
   content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/35/07.pdf 
   ● Report presents experiences of and lessons learned by Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative sites regarding the development of effective alternatives to secure detention.

4. "DJJ Prevention Makes Progress; More Analysis and Contract Monitoring Needed", by Richard Dolan and Drucilla Carpenter. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability Progress Report. Report No.04-47. July 2004. http://www.oppaga.state.fl.us/reports/pdf/0447rpt.pdf A more updated, follow-up report from 2006 can be found at http://www.oppaga.state.fl.us/reports/pdf/0674rpt.pdf 
   ● Progress report informs the Legislature of actions the DJJ has taken since the 2002 report.

5. "Focusing Juvenile Justice on Positive Youth Development", by Jeffrey Butts, Susan Mayer, and Gretchen Ruth. Chapin Hall Center For Children: Issue Brief #105. Oct. 2005. University of Chicago. http://www.chapinhall.org/article_abstract.aspx?ar=1414 
   ● Issue brief examines how juvenile justice agencies might draw from body of evidence on positive youth development to improve services for youthful offenders.

6. How to Make an Aggressive and Violent Youth: Implications for Treatment, by Donald Meichenbaum. http://www.melissainstitute.org/documents/Howtomakeyouthviolent.pdf
   ● Review of violent behavior among juveniles as well as an analysis of successful and unsuccessful intervention programs with recommendations.

7. Juvenile Justice in Florida: What Kind of Future?, by Barry Krisberg and Vanessa Patiño. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. March 2004. http://www.iamforkids.org/nccdstudy/NCCDReport%20FINAL%20-%20FINAL.pdf
   ● Study determines the potential benefits to Florida of adopting a data-driven approach to juvenile corrections based on the best national research.

8. “The Pitch for High Fidelity: Developers of evidence-based models track programs for strict adherence", by Dick Mendel. May 2006. Youth Today. http://www.youthtoday.org/youthtoday/May06/front1.html 
   ● Article shows, based on scientific evidence, the importance of well-trained case workers for the success of teen delinquency prevention programs.

9. "Reviving Juvenile Justice In A Get-Tough Era", by Jeffrey Butts and Daniel Mears. Youth and Society 33:2 (December 2001): 169-198. http://yas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/2/169
   ● Article describes the most prominent new ideas in juvenile justice and addresses which programs work.

10. Understanding Child Maltreatment & Juvenile Delinquency: From Research to Effective Program, Practice, and Systemic Solutions, by Janet Wiig, Cathy Spatz Widom and John A. Tuell. Child Welfare League of America, 2003.
    ● Monograph details growing body of research showing the connection between child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency.

11. "What Works Initiative." Steven F. Chapman. Office of Research and Planning. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. <http://djj.state.fl.us/whatworks/documents/Public_Presentation.pdf> .
    ● PowerPoint presentation by Dr Steven F. Chapman detailing DJJ's “What Works Initiative”. “What Works” are evidence-based interventions which DJJ is using to target high-risk juveniles.

12. "Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General." Surgeon General. Jan. 2001. US Dept. of Health and Human Services. <http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/toc.html> .
    ● Examines the issues that lead children to juvenile justice involvement, reviews protective factors that prevent crime, and identifies 27 evidence-based prevention strategies for communities to implement.

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Create Alternatives for Vulnerable Children: Ages 12 and Under, and Those With Disabilities

1. "Special Education and the Juvenile Justice System”, Sue Burrell, and Loren Warboys Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention: Juvenile Justice Bulletin. July 2000. US Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/2000_6_5/contents.html
   ● Bulletin seeks to heighten awareness of special education issues in the juvenile justice system and ensure that youth with disabilities receive the services they need.

2. Suspensions and Disciplinary Placement in Alternative Education: 2001-2003 Academic Years, by Emily Arcia. Civil Rights and Diversity Compliance Report, Miami-Dade County Public Schools. May 2005.
   ● Report monitors suspensions and alternative placement given to students by race/ethnicity, gender, free/reduced lunch program, limited English proficiency, and participation in Exceptional Student Education.

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Safeguard Children’s Mental Health

1. “A Review of Latino Youth Development Research and a Call for an Asset Orientation”, by Michael Rodriguez and Diana Morrobel. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science. 26:2 May 2004 107-127 http://hjb.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/107
   ● Study challenges youth developmental researchers to adopt a youth development orientation allowing for the inclusion of Latino youths in their work.

2. "Assessing Juvenile Psychopathy: Developmental and Legal Implications. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development & Juvenile Justice. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
   Issue Brief 4: <http://www.adjj.org/downloads/4536issue_brief_4.pdf> 
   Research: http://www.adj.org/content/page.php?cat_id=2&content_id=9>
   ● Summary of findings on whether the scores of juveniles identified as psychopaths remain stable as they mature. Findings suggest otherwise.

3. "Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice: Federal Agencies Could Play a Stronger Role in Helping States Reduce the Number of Children Placed Solely to Obtain Mental Health Services." General Accounting Office [GAO]. April 2003. <http://gao.gove/new.item/d03397.pdf> .
   ● GAO report to Congress outlining how the juvenile justice system is used as a source of mental health services for at-risk children.

4. Community Care, Not Crisis Care, 2006 Annual Report. Florida Substance Abuse and Mental Health Corporation. http://www.mhajax.org/pdf/2006annualreport.pdf
   ● Report offers set of recommendations that will save money and lives by targeting mentally ill and substance abuse patients early in the process, providing care then, and avoiding their future commitment with the department of justice.

5. Task Force on Juvenile Justice Reform: Recommendations for Juvenile Justice Reform. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. October 2001. http://www.uiowa.edu/~nrcfcp/dmcrc/pdf/everything6.pdf
   ● Task Force presents recommendations that can serve as a basis of reform in each area of juvenile justice.

6. "Trauma Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Critical Issues and New Directions” by Julian D Ford, John F. Chapman, Josephine Hawke and David Albert. National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice – Research and Program Brief. June 2007. Models for Change, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. http://www.ncmhjj.com/pdfs/Trauma_and_Youth.pdf 
   ● Report shows incidence of traumatic stress among Juveniles and its effects. Treatment models and options are discussed.

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Promote Community Safety Through Juvenile Justice System Improvements and Process Reforms

1. Act 4 Juvenile Justice: A Campaign of the Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention Coalition. JJDPA Fact Book. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Coalition. http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/Downloads/Resources/jjdpafactbook.pdf 
   ● Site provides relevant, up-to-date information as Congress considers the re-authorization and reform of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.

2. “Attitudes of US Voters toward Youth Crime and the Justice System.” Barry Krisberg and Susan Marchionna. Focus: Views from the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, National Council on Crime and Delinquency [NCCD] and The Children's Research Center [CRC]. February 2007.
   http://www.nccd-crc.org/nccd/pubs/zogby_feb07.pdf
   ● Results of poll done Jan. 2007 by Zogby International for The National Council on Crime and Delinquency [NCCD] and The Children's Research Center [CRC] on American attitudes towards the juvenile justice system.

3. "Budget Summary (FY 2005-06)” 2005-2006 Annual Report . Florida Department of Corrections. http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/annual/0506/budget.html 
   ● Budget details cost of incarceration of adults v. juveniles.

4. “Building Momentum for Juvenile Justice Reform: Executive Summary”, Models for Change. John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation. http://www.macfound.org/atf/cf/%7BB0386CE3-8B29-4162-8098-E466FB856794%7D/MODELS_FOR_CHANGE_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.PDF 
   ● Study provides reforms based on evidence that have been successful in providing a more developmentally sound and fair juvenile justice system.

5. Bureau of Quality Assurance. 2005 Quality Assurance Annual Report. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, 2005. http://www.djj.state.fl.us/QA/2005annualreport/resintro.pdf 
   ● Report provides types of residential programs, their funding, and which youth they are geared towards.

6. Families in Need of Critical Assistance: Legislation Policy Aiding Youth Who Engage in Non-criminal Misbehavior, by Jessica Kendall. American Bar Association, 2007.
   ● This publication focuses on addressing the needs of juvenile status offenders (i.e., youth who run away, are "ungovernable" or truant) and their families, and offers legislative and policy strategies to divert juveniles from court systems.

7. F.S. § 985.01
   ● Purposes and intent of the Interstate Compact on Juveniles of the Department of Juvenile Justice.

8. "Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies”, by Judith Greene and Kevin Pranis. A Justice Policy Institute Report. July 2007. Justice Policy Institute. http://www.justicepolicy.org/reports_jl/7-10-07_gangs/GangsFullReport2.pdf
   ● Report clarifies persistent misconceptions about gangs and assesses the successes and failures of approaches employed.

9. "Governor's Ex-Offender Task Force: Final Report to the Governor." Ex-Offender Taskforce. November 2006. Agency for Workforce Innovation. <http://www.reentrypolicy.org/reentry/Document_Viewer.aspx?Document1D=1593> .
   ● Report outlining juvenile justice system reforms needed to successfully assist children returning to home communities after being in DJJ residential programs.

10. How Shall We Respond To The Dreams Of Youth? by U.S. Dept. of Justice: Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention and Juvenile Court Centennial Initiative. National Juvenile Justice Summit, June 7, 2000. http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/grants/000607.doc 
    ● Summit addresses key challenges for the department of juvenile justice as well as solutions to them.

11. "How the Juvenile Justice System Reduces Life Options of Minority Youth” , by Edgar S. Cahn. Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. 2005. Health Policy Institute and WK Kellogg Foundation. http://www.jointcenter.org/publications1/
    publication-PDFs/Dellums%20PDFs/EdgarCahn.pdf 
    ● Report illustrates the disproportionate presence of young men of color in the juvenile justice system and offers recommendations for that will lessen the gap, from alternatives to incarceration to preventive programs.

12. “Human Rights and Juvenile Justice in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities”, by Rosemary Sarri and Jeffrey Shook. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Royal York, Toronto, Nov 15, 2005. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p32111_index.html 
    ● Paper uses principles outlined in the international human rights conventions and standards to analyze U.S. adherence to international Conventions that have particular relevance for juveniles.

13. “Information on the history of the juvenile justice system” History of America’s Juvenile Justice System. Juvenile Justice FYI. http://www.juvenilejusticefyi.com/history_of_juvenile_justice.html 
    ● Website provides brief history of the department of juvenile justice.

14. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention State Advisory Group. 2006 Annual Report to the Governor and Legislature of Florida. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention State Advisory Group. 2006. http://www.djj.state.fl.us/Research/JJDp/SAG/2006AnnualReport.pdf
    ● Report describes the programs and activities funded by the state to prevent and reduce juvenile delinquency.

15. "2007 Juvenile Justice Trends". Ted Tollett. Florida Dept. of Juvenile Justice: Office of Research & Data, February 16, 2007. http://www.djj.state.fl.us/Research/0506JJTrends.ppt
    ● Power point presentation prepared by Ted Tollett, Director of the Office of Research and Data detailing the prevailing trends in criminal data, which affects juvenile justice in Florida over the last few decades.

16. Kids Count 2007 Data Book http://www.kidscount.org/sld/db_07pdf/databook.pdf
    ● Data illuminates the status of America’s children and assesses trends in their well-being every year to see how states have advanced or regressed.

17. Miami-Dade Juvenile Services Department: Total Arrests by Age and Gender, 1998-2005. Miami-Dade Juvenile Services Department/Data Warehouse.
    ● Total arrests by age and gender in the years of 1998-2005.

18. NJDC Juvenile Representation Report: "Florida: An Assessment of Access to Counsel & Quality of Representation in Delinquency Proceedings”, by Patricia Puritz and Cathryn Crawford. National Juvenile Defender Center. Fall 2006. http://www.njdc.info/pdf/Florida%20Assessment.pdf
    ● Report illustrates ample room for improvement in the juvenile indigent defense system as well as in the range of collateral, long-term consequences of an adjudication.

19. NJDC Juvenile Representation Report: “How the Public Defender's Office for the 11th Judicial Circuit (PD-11) Compares to Findings of NJDC Florida Delinquency Assessment Report.” Carlos J. Martinez. December 2006. [See: Patricia Puritz and Cathryn Crawford, "Florida: An Assessment of Access to Counsel & Quality of Representation in Delinquency Proceedings.”]
    ● Comparison of PD-11 by Carlos J. Martinez, Chief Assistant to the Public Defender to the National Juvenile Defender Center [NJDC] report on juvenile delinquency representation in the state of Florida.

20. "Reforming Juvenile Justice Through Comprehensive Community Planning”, by Barry Krisberg, Barry, Giselle Barry, and Emily Sharrock. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. March 2004.  http://www.nccd-crc.org/nccd/pubs/ccp_youthviolence.pdf
    ● Study shows practical solutions for reforming juvenile justice by studying implementation of community support systems in three sites.

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Preserve Our Children’s Health

1. "How Lead Exposure Relates to Temporal Changes in IQ, Violent Crime, and Unwed Pregnancy”, by Rick Nevin. Environmental Research A.83 (2000): 1-22.
   ● Study compares changes in children’s blood lead levels in the United States with subsequent changes in IQ. Long-term exposure to lead is correlated with changes in violent crime and unwed pregnancies.

2. "Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure”, by Rick Nevin. Environmental Research 104.3 (July 2007): 315-36.
   ● Study shows a very strong association between preschool blood lead and subsequent crime rate trends over several decades in highly industrialized countries.

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End the Continued Victimization of Children in the Dependency System

1. Can Placement of Adolescent Boys in Foster Care Be Harmful?: An Analysis of Health, Education, Welfare and Corrections Outcomes, by Arthur Sweetman, William Warburton and Clyde Hertzman. Children and Youth Office of British Columbia. 21 February 2007 http://economics.ca/2007/papers/0107.pdf
   ● Paper uses administrative data to estimate the impact of placing 16 to 18 year old boys in foster care on a range of outcomes: reduction of high school graduation, increase in welfare use, the likelihood of contact with Corrections, and of being treated for medical disorders related to substance abuse.

2. Detention & Foster Children: "Brief of Amici Curiae Columbia Legal Services, National Center for Youth Law, Northwest Women’s Law Center, Teamchild and University of Washington School of Law Children & Youth Advocacy Clinic” by Beth A Colgan and Casey Trupin. National Center for Youth Law. 19 February 2007. http://www.youthlaw.org/fileadmin/ncyl/youthlaw/
   juv_justice/in_re_ak_brief_only_ncyl_cls_tc_uw.pdf
   ● Amici Curiae shows that foster care and incarceration are not appropriate measures to deal with runaway children’s behavior.

3. Detention & Foster Children: "WA Supreme Court to Review Jailing of Foster Youth." Pat Arthur. 19 Feb. 2007. National Center for Youth Law. http://www.youthlaw.org/press_room/press_releases/2006_press_releases
   ● Article from the National Center for Youth Law on the Washington Supreme Court case, In re Dependency of A.K. which seeks to end the detention of foster children for running away from placements. [See: Brief of Amici Curiae Columbia Legal Services, National Center for Youth Law, University of Washington School of Law Children & Youth Advocacy Clinic]

4. The Educational Status of Foster Children: Issue Brief, by Mark Courtney, Melissa Roderick, Cheryl Smithgall, Robert Matthew Gladden and Jenny Nagaoka. Center for Children at the University of Chicago. December 2004. http://www.chapinhall.org/article_abstract.aspx?ar=1377 
   ● Issue brief describes the educational status of foster children and examines challenges confronting child welfare and educational systems that try to improve educational outcomes for them.

5. "Interagency Agreements: Improving Educational Outcomes for Florida's Children in Foster Care [Early Release Copy]”, by Kele Williams and Andrea Moore. July 2007. University of Miami School of Law - Children & Youth Law Clinic and Florida’s Children First. http://www.law.miami.edu/cylc/ or http://floridaschildrenfirst.org/index.htm
   ● Review inter-agency agreements to assess if where adopted they include key provisions necessary to collaboratively address educational needs of children in out-of-home care.

6. "Preventing Delinquency Through Improved Child Protective Services”, by Richard Wiebush, Raelene Freitag and Christopher Baird. Juvenile Justice Bulletin Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. July 2001: 3. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/187759.pdf
   ● Bulletin explains link between child maltreatment and juvenile and adult delinquency and examines prevention and intervention efforts, particularly the strategy known as Structured Decision Making.

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